I ngā tāone nui, kei te whakakapi haere ngā pahikara e whakamahi ana i te hiko me te mana pēra hei kawe i ngā kawenga taumaha i ngā taraka tuku taonga tuku iho.
I ia Tūrei, ka tū tetahi tangata e eke ana i tētahi paihikara tauhou i te takutai moana ki te marae i waho o te toa aihikirīmi a Kate i Portland, Oregon, ki te tiki taonga hou.
I whakanohoia e ia e 30 ngā pouaka o ngā taonga hokohoko a Kate - he aihikirīmi huawhenua me ngā kōne waffle me te marionberry cobbler - ki roto i tētahi putea tio, ā, i whakanohoia tahitia me ētahi atu taonga ki roto i tētahi pouaka maitai i muri i te nohoanga. I utaina e ia ki te 600 pauna o ngā utanga, ā, i taraiwa ia ki te taha raki-mā-rāwhiti o Sandy Boulevard.
Ka whakarei ake i ia whiunga o te pēra e tētahi mōtini hiko wahangu e huna ana i roto i te anga. Ahakoa te whakahaere i tētahi waka arumoni e 4 putu te whānui, i eke ia i tētahi ara pahikara.
I muri i te maero me te hawhe, ka tae te pahikara paihikara ki te whare putunga B-line Urban Delivery. Kei waenganui o te tāone te kamupene, he torutoru noa ngā hikoinga mai i te awa o Willamette. Ka wetewetehia e ia ngā taonga i roto i ngā whare putunga iti ake, pokapū ake i ngā whare putunga nui e kawe ana i ngā mōkihi.
He rerekē ia wāhanga o tēnei āhuatanga i te nuinga o ngā tikanga tuku whakamutunga o ēnei rā. He māmā noa te whakaaro ko te ratonga a B-line he mea hou ki Portland. Engari kei te horapa haere ngā kaupapa rite ki ngā tāone nui o Ūropi pērā i a Parī me Berlin. I ture noa i Chicago; kua whakaaetia i te Tāone o Niu Ioka, kei reira a Amazon.com Inc. e 200 ngā pahikara hiko pēnei hei tuku.
I mea atu a Katelyn Williams, te rangatira o te aihikirīmi: "He mea āwhina tonu te kore e whai taraka tīhiera nui."
Koinei te whakaritenga mō te tuku i te ao o ngā pahikara utanga hiko, ngā paihikara hiko rānei e whanake tonu ana. He wāhanga iti tēnei o ngā pahikara hiko āwhina-pāreti kua piki haere te rongonui i te wā o te mate urutā. E kī ana ngā kaitautoko ka taea e ngā waka hiko iti te neke i roto i ngā tawhiti poto me te tuku taonga tere ake i ngā wāhi taupori o te tāone, me te whakaiti i te kīkī, te haruru me te parahanga i puta mai i ngā taraka forklift.
Heoi, kāore anō kia whakamātauhia tēnei āhuatanga ōhanga i ngā tiriti o te Hononga o Amerika e aroha ana ki ngā motuka. Me whakaaroaro anō tēnei huarahi mō te urunga mai o ngā taonga ki te tāone. Tērā pea ka puta he pakanga i ngā wāhi kua kī tonu i ngā motuka, i ngā kaieke pahikara, me ngā kaihaerere.
He otinga pea ngā pahikara utanga hiko mō tētahi o ngā raruraru tino uaua o te ao whakahaere taonga. Me pēhea te kawe i ngā taonga mā te hononga whakamutunga mai i te whare putunga ki te tatau?
Ko te ānini, ahakoa te āhua nei kāore he mutunga o te hiahia ki te tuku taonga, kāore te wāhi o te taha o te rori e pera.
Kua mōhio kē ngā tāngata o te tāone ki ngā waka me ngā terema kua tū (kua tū anō) me ngā rama mōrearea e kanapa ana. Mō te hunga e haere ana, ko te tikanga he nui ake te raruraru o te waka me te parahanga o te hau. Mō ngā kaituku taonga, ko te tikanga he nui ake ngā utu tuku me te puhoi ake o ngā wā tuku. I te marama o Oketopa, i kitea e ngā kairangahau i Te Whare Wānanga o Washington e 28% o te wā tuku i pau i ngā taraka tuku ki te rapu wāhi waka.
I kī atu a Mary Catherine Snyder, he kaitohutohu rautaki mō te pāka waka mō te Tāone o Seattle: "He nui ake te hiahia mō ngā ara ārai i tā tātou e hiahia ana. I whakamātau te tāone o Seattle i ngā paihikara hiko me UPS Inc. i te tau kua hipa."
Nā te mate urutā COVID-19 i whakanui ake te ngangau. I te wā o te rāhui, i pāngia ngā umanga ratonga pēnei i a UPS me Amazon e ngā tihi mahi. Ahakoa he takoto kau te tari, i āraia anō te taha o te rori i te rohe tāone e ngā kaikawe kai i whakamahi i ngā ratonga a Grubhub Inc. me DoorDash Inc. ki te kawe kai mai i te wharekai ki te kāinga.
Kei te haere tonu te whakamātautau. Kei te whakamātautau ētahi kamupene kawe taonga i te utu o te kiritaki kia kore ai e pā ki te tatau, engari ka whakanoho i ngā mōkihi ki roto i ngā rūma raka, ki roto rānei i te pūtu o te motuka, i roto rānei i te pouaka o te motuka, i roto i te take o Amazon. Ka taea hoki te whakamahi i ngā waka rererangi kore, ahakoa he nui rawa te utu engari mō te kawe i ngā taonga mama, utu nui pērā i ngā rongoā.
E ai ki ngā kaitautoko he tere ake ngā paihikara iti, ngāwari i ngā taraka, ā, he iti ake ngā tukunga wera e puta mai ana. He ngāwari ake te nekeneke i roto i te waka, ā, ka taea te tū ki tētahi wāhi iti ake, ki runga rānei i te ara hikoi.
E ai ki tētahi rangahau mō ngā pahikara utanga hiko i whakatinanahia ki Te Whare Wānanga o Toronto i te tau kua hipa, mā te whakakapi i ngā taraka tuku noa ki ngā pahikara utanga hiko ka taea te whakaiti i ngā tukunga waro mā te 1.9 tāne mita ia tau - ahakoa he maha ngā wā e hiahiatia ana he maha ngā pahikara utanga hiko me ngā taraka tuku noa.
I roto i tētahi hui tukutuku tata nei, i kī a Franklin Jones (Franklin Jones), te Tumu Whakarae me te kaiwhakaū o B-line, ko te iti ake o te utu mō te kawe pahikara ka nui ake te kikī o te hapori.
Kia tupu pai ai ngā pahikara utanga hiko, me huri te āhua o ngā whare putunga iti o te rohe. Ko te nuinga o ngā kamupene kawe taonga ka whakatū i ā rātou whare putunga nunui ki te taha o te tāone. Heoi, nā te poto rawa o te tawhiti e taea ai te whakamahi i ngā pahikara, me tata tonu ngā whare. Ka kiia ēnei he mini hubs.
Kei te whakamahia kētia tēnei hōtēra iti e kiia nei ko te hōtēra whakahaere waka i Parī. I ēnei takutai, i toa te kamupene tīmatanga ko Reef Technology i te $700 miriona i roto i te pūtea mō tōna pokapū i roto i te papa waka o te tāone i te marama kua taha ake nei hei whakauru i ngā tuku whakamutunga.
E ai ki a Bloomberg News, kua whakatūria e Amazon ētahi pokapū tohatoha iti kotahi mano puta noa i te Hononga o Amerika.
I kī a Sam Starr, he kaitohutohu utanga motuhake mō te oranga tonutanga i Kanata, hei whakamahi i ngā pahikara utanga, me marara ēnei wira iti ki roto i te radius o te 2 ki te 6 maero, i runga i te mātotoru o te tāone.
I te Hononga o Amerika, tae noa mai ki tēnei wā, kāore anō kia whakatauhia ngā hua o te e-freight. I te tau kua hipa, i kitea e UPS i roto i tētahi whakamātautau paihikara e-utanga i Seattle he iti ake ngā mōkihi i tukuna mai e te pahikara i roto i te haora i ngā taraka noa i te hapori pukumahi o Seattle.
E whakapono ana te rangahau he poto rawa pea te roa o tētahi whakamātautau kotahi marama mō te tukunga o ngā pahikara. Engari i tohuhia anō hoki ko te painga o ngā pahikara—te iti o te rahi—he ngoikoretanga anō hoki.
E ai ki te rangahau: "Kāore pea ngā pahikara hiko utanga e rite te whai hua ki ngā taraka." Nā te iti o te kaha utanga, ka taea e rātou te whakaiti i ngā tuku i ia wā e haereere ana rātou, ā, me uta pinepine ake."
I te Tāone o Niu Ioka, kua 15 tau te roa o te ngana a tētahi kaipakihi ko Gregg Zuman te ingoa, te kaiwhakaū o te Revolutionary Rickshaw, ki te kawe mai i ngā pahikara utanga hiko ki te marea. Kei te kaha tonu tana mahi.
Ko te whakaaro tuatahi a Zuman he waihanga i tētahi puranga o ngā paihikara hiko i te tau 2005. Kāore tēnā e rite ki te whare taxi o te tāone. I te tau 2007, i whakatau te Manatū Waka Motuka ko ngā pahikara arumoni ka taea anake te taraiwa e te tangata, ko te tikanga kāore e taraiwahia e ngā motuka hiko. Neke atu i te tekau tau te roa o te whakaroa i te hanga o te rickshaw hou.
He wā pai te tau kua hipa ki te whakakore i te korenga o te huarahi. Pērā i ngā tāngata o Niu Ioka, e noho ana i ngā tāone nui o te ao, e whakamahi ana i ngā kuta hiko o te tiriti me ngā pahikara hiko āwhina-ā-ringa.
I te marama o Tīhema, i whakaaetia e te Tāone o Niu Ioka te whakamātautau i ngā pahikara utanga hiko i Manhattan e ngā kamupene kawe waka nui pērā i a UPS, Amazon me DHL. I taua wā anō, i titiro matatau ngā kaiwhakarato ratonga haere pērā i a Bird, Uber me Lime ki te mākete nui rawa atu o te whenua, ā, i whakatenatena i te paremata o te kawanatanga kia whakamanahia ngā kuta hiko me ngā pahikara. I te marama o Hānuere, i whakarērea e Kāwana Andrew Cuomo (D) tana whakahē, ā, i whakamanahia te pire.
I mea a Zuman: "Ka hinga mātou." I kī ia ko te nuinga o ngā pahikara utanga hiko kei te mākete he 48 inihi te whānui.
Kāore anō kia kōrerotia he ture ā-motu mō ngā pahikara utanga hiko. I roto i ngā tāone me ngā kawanatanga, mēnā he ture, he rerekē rawa.
I te marama o Oketopa, ko Chicago tētahi o ngā tāone tuatahi ki te whakatakoto ture. I whakaaetia e ngā kaunihera o te tāone ngā ture e āhei ai ngā taraka hiko te taraiwa i runga i ngā ara pahikara. Ko te tere mōrahi he 15 maero ia hāora, ā, ko te whānui he 4 putu. Me whiwhi te taraiwa i tētahi urunga pahikara, ā, me tū te pahikara ki tētahi wāhi waka noa.
I roto i ngā marama 18 kua pahure ake nei, i kī te kamupene hokohoko ipurangi me te kawe waka nui kua whakatinanahia e rātou te 200 pahikara utanga hiko ki Manhattan me Brooklyn, ā, e hiahia ana rātou ki te whakawhanake i te mahere. He kaupapa whakamātautau utanga hiko anō hoki ā ētahi atu kamupene kawe waka pēnei i a DHL me FedEx Corp., engari kāore i te rahi pērā i a Amazon.
I mea a Zuman, "I roto i ngā tau torutoru e whai ake nei, ka tere te whanaketanga o Amazon i tēnei mākete." "Ka tere tonu tā rātou piki ake i mua i te katoa."
He rerekē te tauira pakihi a Amazon ki te raina-B o Portland. Ehara i te mea he pahi mai i te kaiwhakarato ki te toa, engari mai i te toa ki te kaihoko. Ko Whole Foods Market Inc., he hūpermakete rauropi nō Amazon, e tuku ana i ngā kai ki te takiwa o Brooklyn o Manhattan me Williamsburg.
Heoi anō, he tino rerekē hoki te hoahoa o ana waka hiko, e tohu ana i te pai o te mahi a te umanga i tēnei wā taitamariki.
Ehara ngā waka a Amazon i te paihikara. He pahikara hiko noa iho tēnei. Ka taea e koe te tō i te wakatō, wetewete, ka hikoi ki roto i te tomokanga o te whare. (E kīia ana e Zuman ko "te wirapara o te hunga whai rawa".) Tata ki te katoa o ngā pahikara utanga hiko e hangaia ana i Ūropi. I ētahi whenua, ka whakamahia ngā pahikara hiko hei tūru pēpi, hei kawe kai rānei.
Kei te horapa te hoahoa puta noa i te mapi. Ko ētahi ka meinga te kaieke kia noho tika, ko ētahi ka piko. Ko ētahi ka whakatakoto i te pouaka utanga ki muri, ko ētahi ka whakatakoto i te pouaka ki mua. Ko ētahi kei waho, ko ētahi ka takai i te taraiwa ki roto i te anga kirihou mārama hei ārai i te ua.
I kī a Jones, te kaiwhakaū o Portland, kāore te tāone o Portland e hiahia ki tētahi raihana raina-B, ā, kāore hoki e hiahiatia he utu. Hei tāpiri, e whakaaetia ana e te ture o Oregon kia whai āhuatanga āwhina mana kaha ngā pahikara - tae atu ki te 1,000 watts - kia tere ai te pahikara e rite ana ki te rere o ngā waka, ā, kia taea ai e te tangata te piki i te puke.
I mea ia: "Ki te kore ēnei, e kore e taea e mātou te utu i ngā momo kaieke, ā, kāore hoki he wā tuku ōrite i kitea e mātou."
He kiritaki anō hoki ā Line B. Koinei te tikanga tuku o ngā hua ā-rohe o New Seasons Market, he mekameka ā-rohe o ngā toa hoko kai waro 18. E ai ki a Carlee Dempsey, te Kaiwhakahaere Rautaki Mekameka Tuku o New Seasons, i tīmata te mahere i te rima tau ki muri, ā, i hangaia a B-line hei takawaenga rautaki i waenga i te 120 ngā kaiwhakarato hoko kai ā-rohe.
He painga anō tā New Seasons mō ngā kaiwhakarato: e 30% o ngā utu raina B e tika ana kia utua e rātou. Mā tēnei ka āwhina i a rātou ki te karo i ngā kaihoko hokomaha auau me ngā utu nui.
Ko tētahi o aua kaiwhakarato ko Adam Berger, te rangatira o te Kamupene Portland Rollenti Pasta. I mua i te tīmatanga o te whakamahi i te raina-B, me tuku e ia tana Scion xB ki New Seasons Markets mō te rā roa.
I mea ia: “He nanakia noa iho.” “Ko te tohatoha o te maero whakamutunga te mea e whakamate ana i a tātou katoa, ahakoa he hua maroke, he kaipāmu, he ētahi atu rānei.”
Ināianei, ka hoatu e ia te pouaka rimurapa ki te waka kawe raina-B, ā, ka takahia e ia ki runga ki te whare putunga e 9 maero te tawhiti. Kātahi ka haria ki ngā toa maha mā runga taraka noa.
I mea ia: "Nō Portland ahau, nō reira koinei katoa tētahi wāhanga o te kōrero. He tangata whenua ahau, he tohunga mahi toi ahau. He iti noa ngā puranga ka mahia e au. E hiahia ana ahau kia tika te tuku pahikara ki te mahi mō taku mahi." "He rawe."
Ngā karetao tuku me ngā waka hiko. Puna whakaahua: Starship Technologies (karetao tuku) / Ayro (waka maha-kaupapa)
Kei te taha o ngā taputapu tuku whaiaro a Starship Technologies me te waka hiko Ayro Club Car 411 te pikitia. Starship Technologies (robot tuku) / Ayro (waka maha-mahi)
He maha ngā kaipakihi e tohu ana i te micro-ray ki ngā taputapu tuku paerewa. Kei te whakaae a Arcimoto Inc., he kaihanga waka hiko wira-toru i Oregon, i ngā ota mō te putanga maero whakamutunga o te Deliverator. Ko tētahi atu kaitono ko Ayro Inc., he kaihanga taraka hiko iti i Texas me te tere mōrahi o te 25 maero ia hāora. Tata ki te rahi o te kāreti korowha, ko te nuinga o ana waka he kawe i ngā rinena me ngā kai i roto i ngā taiao marino pēnei i ngā wāhi hararei me ngā puni whare wānanga.
Engari i kī te Tumu Whakahaere Matua, a Rod Keller, kei te whakawhanake te kamupene i tētahi putanga ka taea te taraiwa i runga i te rori, me tētahi wāhanga hei penapena i ngā kai takitahi. Ko te kiritaki he mekameka wharekai pērā i a Chipotle Mexican Grill Inc., i a Panera Bread Co. rānei, ā, e ngana ana rātou ki te tuku i ngā taonga ki te tatau o te kiritaki me te kore e utu i ngā utu e utua ana e te kamupene tuku kai i nāianei.
I tētahi atu taha ko ngā karetao moroiti. Kei te tere haere te whanaketanga o ngā waka tuawhenua e ono-wira a Starship Technologies o San Francisco, kāore e neke ake i ngā pouaka whakamātao pia. Ka taea e rātou te haere i te whānuitanga e 4 maero, ā, he pai mō te haere i runga i te ara hikoi.
Pērā i a Ayro, i tīmata i te kāmpus engari kei te whānui haere. I kī te kamupene i runga i tana paetukutuku: "Mā te mahi tahi me ngā toa me ngā wharekai, ka tere ake, ka atamai ake, ka iti ake te utu mō ngā tukunga ā-rohe."
He mōtini hiko kei roto i ēnei waka katoa, ā, ko ēnei ngā painga: he ma, he marino, he ngāwari hoki te utu. Engari ki ngā kanohi o ngā kaiwhakamahere tāone, kua tīmata te wāhanga "motuka" ki te huna i ngā rohe kua roa nei e wehe ana i ngā motuka mai i ngā pahikara.
"Nōnahea koe i huri ai i te pahikara ki te waka?" te pātai a te kaipakihi o Niu Ioka, a Zuman. "Koinei tētahi o ngā rohe pōuriuri me aro atu tātou."
Ko tētahi o ngā wāhi ka tīmata pea ngā tāone o Amerika ki te whakaaro me pēhea te whakahaere i te utanga hiko ko te maero tapawha i Santa Monica, California.
Ko te huihuinga ko ngā Keemu Orimipia o Los Angeles i te tau 2028. E tumanako ana tētahi hononga ā-rohe ki te whakaiti i ngā tukunga hau i roto i ngā tāone nui mā te hauwhā i taua wā, tae atu ki tētahi whāinga māia ki te huri i te 60% o ngā taraka tuku rahi-waenga ki ngā taraka hiko. I te marama o Hune o tēnei tau, i toa a Santa Monica i tētahi putea $350,000 hei waihanga i te rohe tuku kore-tukunga tuatahi o te motu.
Kāore e taea e Santa Monica te tuku noa i a rātou, engari ka taea hoki te pupuri i te 10 ki te 20 ngā ara ārai, ā, ko rātou anake (me ētahi atu waka hiko) ka taea te whakatū i ēnei ara ārai. Koinei ngā wāhi tūnga waka utanga hiko tuatahi i whakatapua i te motu. Ka aroturukihia e te kāmera te whakamahinga o te wāhi.
"He tūhuratanga tūturu tēnei. He whakamātautau tūturu tēnei," te kī a Francis Stefan, te kaiwhakahaere o te kaupapa hei āpiha matua mō te nekenekehanga o Santa Monica.
Kei roto i te rohe kore-tukunga o te tāone nui ki te raki o Los Angeles te rohe o te tāone nui me te Third Street Promenade, tētahi o ngā wāhi hokohoko tino pukumahi i te tonga o California.
"Ko te whiriwhiri i te taha o te rori te mea nui," te kī a Matt Peterson, te heamana o te Transportation Electrification Cooperation Organization i whiriwhiri i a Santa Monica. "He maha ngā kaiuru kei roto i te wāhi kai, te wāhi tuku, te wāhi [pakihi-ki-pakihi]."
E ono marama e kore te kaupapa e tīmata, engari e ai ki ngā tohunga, kāore e taea te karo i ngā taupatupatu i waenga i ngā pahikara utanga hiko me ētahi atu ara pahikara.
I mea atu a Lisa Nisenson, he tohunga nekenekehanga i WGI, he kamupene hoahoa hanganga tūmatanui: "Kātahi anō ka puta mai he rōpū tāngata e haere ana ki te eke waka, he hunga haereere me ngā tāngata pakihi." "Ka tīmata te kiki."
I kī te kaitohutohu utanga, a Starr, nā te iti o te wāhi, ka taea te tūnga o ngā kaipuke utanga hiko ki runga i te ara hikoi, inā koa i te "wāhi tāonga", e nohoia ana e ngā pouaka mēra, ngā tūnga nūpepa, ngā pou rama me ngā rākau.
Engari i taua wāhi whaiti, kei te taraiwa ngā pahikara utanga hiko i runga i ngā ara potae o ngā waka e takahi ana i ngā mana: he rongonui ngā kuta hiko mō te aukati i te rere o te tangata i roto i te maha o ngā tāone.
I mea atu a Ethan Bergson, he kaikorero mō te Tari Waka o Seattle: "He wero te whakarite kia tika te waka a te tangata kia kore ai e arai i te hunga hauā i runga i te ara hikoi."
I kī a Nissensen, mēnā ka taea e ngā waka tuku iti, tere hoki te whai i te ia o ngā mahi, me waihanga pea e ngā tāone tētahi huinga hei utu mō tāna e kī nei ko ngā "ara nekeneke", arā, e rua ngā huinga mō te hunga noa, ko tētahi mō ngā pakihi māmā.
He wāhi anō kei tētahi atu wāhanga o te whenua uku kua whakarērea i ngā tekau tau tata nei: arā, ko ngā ara whāiti.
"Kei te tīmata te whakaaro mō te hoki ki te ao o mua, te tango i ētahi atu mahi arumoni mai i te tiriti matua ki roto, ki te wāhi kāore pea he tangata kē atu i ngā kaikawe para e tika ana?" te pātai a Nisensen.
Ina hoki, ko te heke mai o te tuku hiko iti ka hoki pea ki ngā wā o mua. He maha ngā taraka tīhiera koretake, e hiahia ana ngā pahikara utanga hiko ki te whakakapi, nō UPS, he kamupene i whakatūria i te tau 1907, ā, kei te whakahaeretia hoki.