Kua noho ko ngā pahikara hiko te wāhi rongonui hou o te ao haereere nā te mea he ngāwari ki te whakamahi me te hoahoa pai mō te taiao. Kei te whakamahia e te tangata hei huarahi hou mō te haereere me te kawe waka mō ngā tawhiti roa me ngā tawhiti poto.
Engari nōnahea te whānautanga o te pahikara hiko tuatahi? Nā wai i hanga te pahikara hiko, ā, nā wai e hoko ana?
Ka whakautua e mātou ēnei pātai whakamere i a mātou e kōrero ana mō te hītori whakamiharo o ngā pahikara hiko, tata ki te 130 tau te roa. Nō reira, kia tīmata tātou ki te kōrero.
Hei te tau 2023, tata ki te 40 miriona pahikara hiko ka eke ki te rori. Heoi, he kaupapa tino māmā noa iho, he iti noa iho hoki ōna tīmatanga, mai i te tekau tau atu i 1880, i te wā i tino hiahia a Ūropi ki ngā pahikara me ngā paihikara.
Ko ia te tuatahi ki te hanga i tētahi pahikara hiko i te tau 1881. I tāuta e ia tētahi mōtini hiko ki tētahi pahikara toru-paika o Peretānia, ā, ko ia te kaihanga pahikara toru-paika tuatahi o te ao. I angitu ia i runga i ngā rori o Parī i runga i tētahi pahikara toru-paika, engari kāore i whiwhi mana pateni.
i whakapai ake i te whakaaro o te ​ mā te tāpiri i ngā pākahiko ki te pahikara taika me tōna mōtini e pā ana. Ko te taumaha o te whakatakotoranga pahikara taika katoa me te mōtini me te pākahiko tata ki te 300 pauna, he mea kāore i te whai hua. He mea whakamiharo, i taea e tēnei pahikara wira-toru te haere i te 50 maero i te tere toharite o te 12 maero ia hāora, he mea whakamiharo tēnei e ai ki ngā paerewa katoa.
Ko te peke nui i muri mai i roto i ngā pahikara hiko i puta mai i te tau 1895, i te wā i patenthia ai te mōta pū o muri me te tikanga taraiwa tika. Inaa, koinei tonu te mōta e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā pahikara hiko. I whakamahia e ia he mōta paraihe i tino whakatakoto i te ara mō te pahikara hiko hou.
i whakaurua te motuka pokapū taputapu aorangi i te tau 1896, hei whakapai ake i te hoahoa o ngā pahikara hiko. I tua atu, i whakateretere i te pahikara hiko mō ētahi maero. I roto i ngā tau torutoru i muri mai, i whakamatautauria ngā pahikara hiko, ā, i kite tātou i te whakaurunga o ngā motuka puku-waenga me ngā motuka puku-waku. Heoi, kua noho te motuka pokapū o muri hei miihini matua mō ngā pahikara hiko.
He ahua pōuri ngā tekau tau i muri mai mō ngā pahikara hiko. Nā te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao i aukati te whanaketanga o ngā pahikara hiko nā te haere tonu o te ngangau me te taenga mai o te motuka. Heoi, i tino ora ake ngā pahikara hiko i ngā tau 1930 i te wā i mahi tahi ai rātou ki te hanga pahikara hiko mō te whakamahinga arumoni.
I hanga e rātou he wāhi rongonui i te tau 1932 i te wā i hokohoko ai rātou i tā rātou pahikara hiko. Muri iho, ka uru atu ngā kaihanga pēnei i a rātou ki te mākete pahikara hiko i te tau 1975 me te tau 1989.
Heoi anō, kei te whakamahi tonu ēnei kamupene i ngā pākahiko nickel-cadmium me te waikawa mata, ā, ka tino whakawhāiti i te tere me te whānuitanga o ngā pahikara hiko.
I te mutunga o te tekau tau atu i 1980 me te tīmatanga o te tekau tau atu i 1990, nā te hanganga o te pākahiko lithium-ion i whakatakoto te ara mō te pahikara hiko hou. Ka taea e ngā kaihanga te whakaiti i te taumaha o ngā pahikara hiko me te whakanui ake i te whānuitanga, te tere me te mahi mā ngā pākahiko lithium-ion. Ka taea hoki e ngā kaieke te whakahou i ā rātou pākahiko ki te kāinga, ka nui ake te rongonui o ngā pahikara hiko. Heoi anō, mā ngā pākahiko lithium-ion ka mama ake ngā pahikara hiko, ā, he tino pai mō te haere ki te mahi.
I te tau 1989 i tino angitu ai ngā pahikara hiko i te whakaurunga mai o te pahikara hiko. Nō muri mai, ka mōhiotia ko te pahikara hiko "āwhina-pedal". Mā tēnei tikanga ka taea e te motuka pahikara hiko te tīmata ina pēhi te kaieke i te pahikara. Nō reira, ka wetekina te motuka pahikara hiko mai i te tere o te tere, ā, ka pai ake te hoahoa, ka ngāwari ake hoki te whakamahi.
I te tau 1992, ka tīmata te hokohoko arumoni i ngā pahikara hiko āwhina-taahi. Kua waiho hoki hei whiringa haumaru mō ngā pahikara hiko, ā, he hoahoa rongonui inaianei mō te nuinga o ngā pahikara hiko.
I ngā tau tōmua o te tekau tau atu i 2000 me ngā tau tōmua o te tekau tau atu i 2010, nā te whanaketanga o te hangarau hiko me te hikohiko, ka taea e ngā kaihanga pahikara hiko te whakamahi i ngā momo hiko iti i roto i ā rātou pahikara. I whakauruhia e rātou ngā mana whakahaere penehīni me te āwhina pētera ki ngā kakau. Kei roto hoki he whakaaturanga me te pahikara hiko e taea ai e te tangata te aroturuki i ngā maero, te tere, te roa o te pākahiko, me te maha atu mō tētahi wheako taraiwa haumaru me te pai ake.
Hei tāpiritanga, kua whakauruhia e te kaihanga he taupānga waea atamai hei aroturuki i te pahikara hiko mai i tawhiti. Nō reira, ka tiakina te pahikara mai i te tahae. Hei tāpiritanga, mā te whakamahinga o ngā pūoko rerekē ka whakapai ake i te mahi me te mahi a te pahikara hiko.
He tino mīharo te hītori o ngā pahikara hiko. Ina hoki, ko ngā pahikara hiko ngā waka tuatahi ki te whakamahi i ngā pākahiko me te haere i runga i te rori me te kore mahi, i mua atu i ngā motuka. I ēnei rā, ko te tikanga o tēnei whanaketanga kua riro ngā pahikara hiko hei whiringa matua mō te tiaki taiao mā te whakaiti i te hau me te haruru. Waihoki, he haumaru, he ngāwari hoki te eke pahikara hiko, ā, kua noho ko te tikanga haereere rongonui i ngā whenua rerekē nā ō rātou painga whakamiharo.